A MOTHER'S TRAUMA


Shanti lifted the folds of her sari, tucked them in her waist and hurriedly ascended the flight of stairs to the first floor. She rang the doorbell, pushed the partially opened door and headed straight towards the kitchen. “Ma’am,” she called out.
Malini was on the roof terrace of their two-storey building, cutting some stems of flowers that she had planted in several large flowerpots. She heard the doorbell ring and Shanti’s loud voice calling out to her. She came down through the narrow stairs slowly and entered her house through the door which Shanti had left fully open. “You’re late today,” she said.
“Actually Ma’am…” Shanti tried to give an explanation but Malini interrupted, instructing her to carry on with the regular household chores because she knew that some sort of excuse would blurt out as usual.
“Ma’am,” Shanti called out again after sometime. “I need your help once more,” she said in a pleading tone, as she washed the utensils kept in the sink.
Malini understood that she needed money in advance. “What’s the matter, Shanti?” she asked.
“A proposal has come for Rupa and I will arrange her marriage at an earliest possible date,” she replied in a serious tone. Rupa was her only daughter who recently took admission in a college.
“That’s nice, but why do you want to hurry?” Malini asked, placing a crystal flower vase decked with colourful gladioli in the centre of the dining table.
“In fact, I don’t want to take any risk, Ma’am,” she replied.
“What kind of risk? You should let Rupa complete her graduation,” Malini advised.
After finishing her work in the kitchen, Shanti went towards the grilled balcony to get the broom that was lying in a corner. She picked it up and entered the living room. “Ma’am, can you kindly lend me twenty thousand rupees for Rupa’s marriage?” she made a request.
“Alright, I’ll help you. So, the pressure must be from the bridegroom’s side I guess,” Malini said, as she flipped off the fan switch and began to open the windows of the room one after another.
Shanti shook her head. “No Ma’am, nothing like that.” She took a deep breath. “I don’t want the same mistake to happen again,” she mumbled.
“What do you mean?” Malini asked, hearing her faint words though.
Shanti’s eyes became moist. “Ma’am…” her lips quivered.
Malini understood that she wanted to tell something. “Yes?”
“Ma’am, Rita’s fault made me lost faith,” she said in a low voice.
“Who’s Rita?” Malini asked, looking straight into her eyes.
“She is my elder daughter, Ma’am.” Shanti could hardly speak.
“What! But you told me that Rupa is your only daughter,” Malini said, perplexed.
“Not only to you Ma’am, but to everyone after I disowned her,” Shanti said, trying to hold back her tears.
“Oh! But why did you have to do that?” Malini asked anxiously.
“It is a bitter episode of my life, Ma’am,” Shanti said, covering her face with her hands.
Malini did not know whether she should ask any other questions further but simultaneously she wanted to know what happened between Shanti and Rita and what could be the reason behind the disownment.
“Ma’am, you have never refused me whenever I was in need of money. I should not have kept lying to you at least, by saying that Rupa is my only daughter. I am sorry,” Shanti said after a while, with feelings of guilt. She continued, “Today, I will tell you the truth and about the trauma that I had to go through.”
She sat down and began to narrate the distressing chapter of her life.
***
 
Decades ago, Shanti’s husband died in an accident. Her two daughters, who were five years apart in age, were very young then and hence she had to work hard to make a living. She took up part-time jobs in many houses so that she could send Rita and Rupa to a school. As they grew up, she made them efficient in cooking, embroidery and doing all the household work as well.
In due course of time, a suitable proposal came for her elder daughter and with her consent, Shanti made plans for the wedding. She borrowed money from all the houses where she worked and promised to return the cash gradually, by accepting only half of her earnings from the following month.
All the necessary arrangements were almost ready, but on the day prior to marriage, Rita eloped. Not even once did she give a hint to her mother or her sister that she was in love with a boy from their neighbourhood.
Shanti was in utter dismay. She did not know what to do. Rupa was dumbstruck. She began to weep. “Don’t shed tears for that selfish one!” Shanti shouted in rage. “Neither did she care to think about me and nor about your future. She had evidently seen how much effort I had put into the preparations and managed everything all alone with my hard-earned money, yet she kept quiet all along. If she wanted to get married to that particular boy, then she should have told me the day itself when I had asked for her consent. Why would I disagree to her choice? Now, what shall I say to the bridegroom and his parents? And how shall I face the guests whom I had invited?”
Shanti screamed angrily in such a manner that one by one, soon the neighbours gathered to enquire what was going on in her house. They tried to console her but Shanti just could not control her frustration. She continued yelling, “Everybody come and see the consequence of my affection towards my offspring. I raised her with great care and never did let her feel the absence of a father, but still I fell short of my expectations.”
Rupa went and hugged her mother. After a long time, tears rolled down from Shanti’s eyes. She wiped them quickly and said in a stern voice, “Henceforth, only Rupa is my daughter and I disown that wretched girl who betrayed me. Listen all of you, from now on, no one should ask me about her.”
Hearing Shanti’s words, there was commotion among the people present there. They expressed their sympathy for her and concurrently rebuked Rita for leaving her mother in a state of shock and heart-broken.
The crowd dispersed eventually and the news of Rita’s elopement spread wide. With immense discomfort, Shanti set out to the bridegroom’s house to inform them about the shameful incident and to seek their forgiveness. They were equally shocked to hear the disgraceful fact and thus humiliated Shanti to a great extent, as they also dreaded facing embarrassment from people.
Shanti returned home with much disappointment. She sat still in the verandah. The harsh words said to her by the bridegroom’s parents kept coming in her thoughts. Bit by bit, her wrath towards Rita began to increase.
Rupa felt unhappy seeing her grief-stricken mother. She came and sat beside her. “Mummy,” she said and held Shanti’s hands. “Please calm down. I can comprehend how you’re feeling but nothing can be done which has already happened. You have to acknowledge the circumstances anyway. It won’t be easy for you I know, but try and forgive her…”
“No, I will never forgive her. Don’t keep pursuing me,” Shanti interrupted adamantly. She continued, “You are still young and so you are not able to understand the agony of a mother. I know, it would be tough for anyone else too, to accept such a situation.” Then, shaking her forefinger, she asserted, “Mark my words. The one who hurts a parent will also get hurt one day, sooner or later.”
“Mummy, I hope your words would not turn out to be a curse. I know that she will not get your blessings because what she has done is a big blunder indeed. But she is your daughter after all and I wish you shall not keep holding a grudge against her forever.” Rupa tried to pacify her mother.
***
 
Malini felt sad hearing the account. “Don’t worry, Shanti. Everything will go well this time,” she said, giving her a cup of tea and a sandwich.
Shanti heaved a long sigh. “After a very long period of time, I have spoken about this topic,” she said slowly. “Believe me Ma’am, my heart feels much lighter now.”
Malini smiled at her. “God bless you and your daughters! Have faith in Him always,” she said.
 
[Published in May 2018 issue of ‘Indian Ruminations’, a journal of Indian English Writers]

ATTRACTIONS OF TRIPURA


Our three-day trip to Tripura started on the first week of December last year. We enjoyed exploring the capital city and went on to visit Udaipur, Melaghar, Kasba and Akhaura as well.
Tripura, one of the Northeastern States of India, shares its border with Assam in the north-east, with Mizoram in the east and is surrounded by Bangladesh on its south, west and north. Greenery and water bodies are found in abundance in many regions of the State.

Our first destination was Tripureswari Temple, situated near Udaipur, about 55 kilometres from Agartala. Commonly known as Matabari, this temple is one of the 51 Shakti Peeths of Hindu mythology. It is believed that Sati’s right leg fell there when Lord Shiva in remorse, performed the celestial dance of destruction, carrying the remains of his wife’s self-immolated body. The temple stands on a small hillock and the beautiful lake, Kalyan Sagar, lies behind it.
Next, we went to Neermahal, the lone water palace of the North-east, situated in Melaghar. This spectacular monument is in the middle of the vast Rudrasagar Lake. After buying our tickets, we proceeded towards the beautiful palace on a motor-boat. The palace is divided into two parts. The main area has two sections, consisting of several rooms and balconies for the king and queen separately. On our journey back on the motor-boat, we spotted some migratory birds.

At Melaghar, we visited the Pagli Mashi temple to get a glimpse of an old woman who is thronged by people to seek her blessings.
We then made our way through Bishalgarh towards the Kali Temple of Kasba. This temple stands on a hillock and the lake Kamalasagar in front, adds to its beauty.

We then headed to Akhaura, about two kilometers away from Agartala. It is the Indo-Bangladesh border where the flag lowering ceremony takes place between the two countries. We clicked pictures at the international border and returned thereafter.
The next day, our first destination was the magnificent white Ujjayanta Palace, the main attraction of the capital city. Popularly known as ‘Rajbari’, this former royal abode of the ruling Manikya dynasty stands on a lakefront and is now the Tripura State Museum.

Located near the Ujjayanta Palace is the Jagannath temple, also known as Sri Chaitanya Gaudiya Math. After offering prayers, we visited Venuvan Vihar, a Buddhist shrine, located at Kunjaban.
The Heritage Park is another tourist attraction of the city, situated at Kunjaban. The park is designed as mini Tripura, showcasing the undulating landscape with tiny railway stations, and replicas of Tripura’s landmarks. Several water bodies are beautifully presented in miniature form.

The Chaturdas Devata Temple at Old Agartala was the last destination of our trip. This temple is unique as it looks like a stupa and as the name implies, there are 14 deities that are worshipped.
As we moved through the streets of the city, we caught sight of the construction work going on for the long flyover that would be the first in Tripura, which would cover a distance of more than two kilometres. We also went through many Chowmuhanis, which meant crossroads in the local language.

While exploring the attractions of Tripura, we relished the delicious cuisine that included fish curries of the famous hilsa and pavda. Our trip ended well and we brought with us wonderful memories captured in pictures.


[Published in ‘The Assam Tribune’ on 5 January 2018]

DEUTA: MY STRENGTH


Deuta’s journey to the heavenly abode on 23 February 2015 at International Hospital, Guwahati due to cardiac arrest, has left a deep void in my life. Departure to another world is a harsh reality but this inevitable fact is really being hard for me to accept.
Deuta was born on 14th April 1935 to Late Dr.Dharani Kanta Baruah and Late Kusum Kumari Baruah of Madhyam Khanda, North Guwahati. Dr.Ramani Kanta Baruah, as he was known, received education started at Chenikuthi Primary School, Guwahati, followed by Kamrup Academy, Guwahati and Sipajhar High School, Sipajhar. In 1952, he passed matriculation examination from Barpeta Govt. H.E. School and then I.Sc (Intermediate Science) from Cotton College, Guwahati.

After his MBBS degree from Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, he started his career as Medical Officer at Assam Oil Company in 1963, posted at Digboi. Assam Oil Company was then owned by the British and later it merged with Indian Oil Corporation and a new division was set up known as Assam Oil Division.

He married Tarini, my mother on 23 January 1967. In 1972, he completed DLO (Diploma in Oto Laryngology) from GSVM Medical College, Kanpur. His service continued as Additional Chief Medical Officer (ENT) in IOC (AOD) Hospital, Digboi. He got promoted to become Principal Medical Officer in 1992. After 31 years of service, he retired on 30 November 1994. Since 1995 he has been staying in his residence at Jironi, Ashok Path, Survey, Beltola, Guwahati.
Deuta involved himself in various activities. He was a life member of Indian Medical Association, Indian Red Cross Society, IMA Academy of Medical Specialities, Doctors Guild and also a member of Association of Otolaryngologist of India. As a doctor, he was always compassionate towards his patients.

There shall be short of space if I right down all about him. I always feel fortunate to have him as my father and I believe that it is God’s blessings. Deuta is my strength, my inspiration. His advice, guidance and confidence in me has helped me to step forward in my life.
Deuta loved to play sitar and during his years in college he participated in various competitions and bagged prizes. He taught me to play sitar when I was in class 7. We both performed sitar recitals (duet) in Digboi accompanied by my brothers Dulumoni on table and Janmoni on the harmonium.

There was always a strong attachment between Deuta and me and I knew that he loved me the most. We were like friends and he shared many things with me. Our choices, likes and dislikes were also similar. He always lent a patient ear when I told him about any of my problems. I felt relieved when he showed me the ways how to solve them.
He had a magnetic personality and I specially admired his wonderful art of speaking. Punctuality, discipline and hard work were the keys of his successful career. He performed his duties with great devotion, determination and dedication.
Deuta’s demise is a personal loss to me physically but he shall be omnipresent through his blessings and memories. I offer my sincere prayers for his eternal peace.

 
[Published in the souvenir ‘Xomoy Balir Khujbur’ on 5 March 2015]

 

REMINISCING SARADA DEVI, THE HOLY MOTHER, WHOSE BIRTH ANNIVERSARY IS CELEBRATED AS 'MATRI DIVAS'


'Matri Divas' is celebrated on the twenty-second of December to commemorate the birth anniversary of Sarada Devi, who was fondly known as 'Maa Sarada' or the 'Holy Mother'. According to Swami Vivekananda, she was an illustration of an ideal woman due to her selfless service and liberal outlook towards enrichment of common people and transformation of the nation.

On 22 December 1853, Sarada Devi was born to Ramchandra Mukhopadhyay and Shyama Sundari Devi who lived in Jayrambati, a village in West Bengal. Since childhood, she was inclined to spirituality. She tried to learn the Bengali alphabet but had no access to formal education.

At the age of six, she was married to Sri Ramkrishna, who followed the path of spirituality. But she continued to stay with her parents and engaged herself in performing all the household duties. When she reached eighteen years of age, she went to Dakhineshwar to meet Ramkrishna. Her husband received her with pleasure and they stayed together living pure and religious lives.

In the year 1872, Sarada Devi was worshipped through rituals as Divine Mother and the trait of universal motherhood concealed in her got awakened. Subsequently, she began to perceive the disciples of her husband as her own children. She spent her entire life caring and serving everyone.

In 1886, Ramkrishna passed away and Sarada Devi set out on a pilgrimage. Later, she was brought to Calcutta by the disciples of her husband. The turning point of her life started as she began to receive plenty of devotees. With a compassionate heart of a mother, she embraced everyone, even people who led immoral lives.

Inspite of being worshipped as Holy Mother; she led a very simple life, doing all the household tasks all by herself. She ever remained calm and blessed one and all who came to meet her. She possessed virtues of purity, patience, wisdom, spiritual perception, universal love and compassion.

During the ultimate phase of her life, her physical condition began to decline. She became weak due to frequent attacks of malaria. On 21 July 1920, she breathed her last.

To reminisce and pay tributes to the Holy Mother Sarada Devi, 'Matri Divas' is celebrated every year on twenty second December. The day is observed to acknowledge every mother, who plays a vital role in the development of her children since she is the essence of creation and the first tutor of her child.

[Published in ‘Ezine Articles’ on 6 June 2013]
 

CONTRIBUTIONS MADE BY MAHARISHI VED VYAS, THE AUTHOR OF THE EPIC 'MAHABHARATA'


Immense contributions were made by the great gurus of India during ancient times. Maharishi Ved Vyas is well known for protecting the Vedas and preserving knowledge.

Krishna Dwaipayan, popularly known as Ved Vyas, was born in Kalpi Island of the Yamuna River on the full moon day in the month of 'Ashadh' (June-July). His father was Sage Parashar, the grandson of Sage Vasishtha and his mother was Matsyagandha, a fisher girl whose original name was Satyawati. When Sage Parashar died, Satyawati got married to Shantanu, the king of Hastinapur.

Ved Vyas composed the great epic 'Mahabharata' which is read worldwide even today. He recorded all the history for the future generations and rendered 'Gita' as a part of the epic, which still serves as an ideal guide to every human being for positive actions and living a purposeful life.

Vyas made great efforts in preserving the voluminous store of Vedic knowledge. At first when he doubted that the Vedas might get extinct, he protected them by compilation and organised them into four parts. He then laid stress on handing over the knowledge from one generation to the other. This was done by a guru to his disciple and by a father to his son.

Besides these, he allotted the various branches of knowledge to several communities. The different branches were Ayurveda (medical science including surgery), Sthapatya Veda (sculpture related to metals, mortars, stones and wood), Gandharva Veda (vocal and instrumental music, dance, art etc.) and Dhanur Veda (skills of military warfare).

Ved Vyas also composed Puranas so that the common people could understand all about the Vedic principles and sincerely follow them in their lives. According to him, religion was not just belief in facts heard or told, but being a part, by realizing truths and developing them and carrying them out in actions.

The Guru-Shishya tradition for protection of Indian culture was established by Ved Vyas. He assigned each of the four Vedas to different disciples who were competent for propagation of knowledge. He gave Rig Veda to Bhaskala, Yajur Veda to Vaishampayana, Sam Veda to Jaimini and Atharva Veda to Aruni. The main goal of this tradition was to establish an ideal social order.

The Gurukul system of education in India thus gradually developed from the Guru-Shishya tradition. The sons of both the kings and the common men came from far off places to stay with the guru in his 'ashram'. All lived together and the children were treated as part of the guru's family. They served their guru and respected him as a deity. The disciples learned not only what they were taught but also learnt how to live with humility and dignity. The disciples attained knowledge by observing the life of their guru and experiencing truth.

Ved Vyas shall always be remembered for his sincere efforts of preserving Vedic knowledge. Hence, his birth anniversary is celebrated every year as Guru Purnima.

 
[Published in ‘Ezine Articles’ on 3 June 2013]

THE POWER OF WORDS


It was morning and the day was twenty-fifth December. The door bell rang. I opened the door and saw an old lady and a young girl smiling at me. “Merry Christmas,” they said and shook my hands. The girl then forwarded me a Christmas card. “We’ll be delighted if you with your family come to our residence in the evening”, the old lady invited me. “Sure”, I assured them.
It was my first visit to the lady’s cottage and I was overwhelmed with their hospitality. After returning home, I took out my diary and penned my feelings through a poem. Next day, I sent the poem for publication to the “feelings” column of an esteemed daily. Few weeks later, it was a pleasant surprise for me when I found my poem titled ‘A lady with a difference,’ published in the newspaper.

One of the lady’s daughters, who stay in a hostel and whom I had not met before, read it in the newspaper too. Noticing the address given below the poem, she came across a doubt that perhaps the ‘lady’ referred to could be her mother. She rang her eldest sister, the one who had visited my home and told her about it. The eldest daughter did not know my good name and in fact, none in their family too, but she was quite sure that I could be the person who wrote the poem. Later, she called me, enquired about it and felt highly delighted when I told her the whole story about the composition.
After a couple of days, the old lady came to my residence again. She presented me a gift and blessed me. Then, with a bright smile, she told me that my poem about her would be scanned, framed and shall be kept as a showpiece in their living room. But this was not the end. About a year later, when the marriage of their eldest daughter was fixed, the lady’s husband and her son came to our house with an invitation card. They invited me and my family to the wedding and mentioned that we were the first family to be invited.

The words of a poem created wonders. It was an amazement to see the power of words. The love and appreciation showered by the family purely touched my heart. The charming memories shall be cherished forever. 

[Published in 'Your Space’ of the e-journal ‘Muse India’ on 28 May 2013]

GURU PURNIMA - A DAY OF REVERENCE


Guru Purnima is observed on the full moon day in the month of Ashadh (June-July) every year. The birth anniversary of Maharishi Ved Vyas, the author of Mahabharata, is celebrated as Guru Purnima. The day is also known as Vyas Jayanti.
The word guru refers to perfection. Gu signifies concealed and ru signifies revealed. Thus, a guru is one who removes ignorance and paves way for enlightenment. Earnestly religious people begin their day by chanting a prayer to their guru: Gurur Brahma Gurur Vishnuh Gurur Devo Maheswarah, Guruh Sakshat Param Brahmah, Tasmai Sri Gurave Namah. In other words, Guru is the creator, preserver and also the destroyer.

India stands with pride for the contributions made by the great gurus in the ancient times. This is a day when we remember all the gurus who have worked for the propagation of knowledge. Ved Vyas composed the great epic Mahabharata which remains immortal till date. Valmiki composed the epic Ramayana which is read worldwide even today. Vasistha was the kulguru of Raghuvansa lineage where Sri Ram was born. Vishwamitra initiated the Gayatri Mantra. Bharat did research in performing arts and made India unique. Dhanvantari is known for his work in medical science. Patanjali made his contribution in the field of yoga. Vatsyayana wrote Kamasutra which serves as a guide for a happy married life. Thus, the gurus offered knowledge for the development of Indian culture.
Ved Vyas also made efforts in preserving the great store of Vedic knowledge. At first, when he doubted that the Vedas might get extinct, he protected them by compilation and organised them into four parts. Secondly, he laid stress on handing over the knowledge from one generation to the other. This was done by a guru to his disciple and by a father to his son. Third, he allotted the various branches of knowledge to several communities. The different branches were Ayurveda (medicine including surgery), Sthapatya Veda (sculpture related to metals, stones, mortars and wood), Gandharva Veda (vocal and instrumental music, dance etc.) and Dhanur Veda (skills of military warfare). Lastly, he composed Puranas so that the commoners could understand all about the Vedic principles and sincerely follow them in their lives. Hence, due to all these work of surviving knowledge and preserving the Vedas, the birth tithi of Ved Vyas is celebrated as Guru Purnima.    

The Gurukul system of education came into being from the Guru-Shishya tradition established by Ved Vyas. Sons of both kings and common people lived together with their guru in his ashram. They served their guru and respected him as a deity. The disciples learned not only what he taught but also learnt how to live with humility and dignity. They glorified their guru, respected him and expressed gratitude for being guided in life towards attaining the highest goal.
From time immemorial, the guru was offered an exalted place in India. The kings stood up from their thrones when the kulguru entered the hall. He was always given a seat near the monarch. Our country is gifted with sincere disciples and benevolent gurus. Chandra Gupta Maurya and his guru Chanakya, Maharaj Shivaji and his guru Samartha Ramdas, Swami Vivekananda and his guru Sri Ramakrishna etc. are some of the well-known examples.

Thus, on the day of Guru Purnima, let us pay reverence to our gurus. Our accomplishments would be worthless if we fail to remember them for their dedication towards moulding our lives.


[Published in 'Articles Base' on 20 May 2013]

CONTINUOUS AND COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION - A BLESSING OR A BURDEN


Education in schools is presently based on the concept known as ‘Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation'. This new scheme of evaluation was implemented with the vision of assessing students throughout the academic session on a broad based process of learning. Being comprehensive, the prospects seem bright as the students are able to recognize their fields of interest and make decisions for the future in regard to pursuing higher studies, choosing their course and shaping the career. The scheme comes as a challenge to those students who excel in academics alone and lag in co-curricular activities.
Continuous and comprehensive evaluation plays an important part in the teaching-learning process and to raise the standard of performance in the schools. The new scheme provides scope for the teachers to develop better teaching strategies and assess the students through multiple techniques of evaluation. The scheme benefits the learners too as they get motivated to improve their studying habits by discarding memorization and laying emphasis on the co-scholastic areas. However, sufficient time would definitely be needed for the scheme to be properly effective in schools throughout the nation.

CCE was introduced in the CBSE Board about a couple of years back. Schools having less infrastructural expansion and resource availability are trying to make adequate changes for reforming the evaluation system. Though the implementation is considered as a blessing in some schools, it is referred to as a burden in some other educational institutions. Apart from classroom teaching, importance is being given to the students for their active participation in the co-curricular activities like aesthetic and performing art, health and physical activities etc. for proper functioning and efficiency of the scheme. Besides, progress of every student in both scholastic and co-scholastic aspects are also recorded.

The objectives of CCE have to be sincerely followed by the stakeholders for the success of the venture. The evaluation process would appear challenging during the initial years but it will truly live up to the expectations as education is not merely textbook learning but development of the entire personality.

In my opinion, continuous and comprehensive evaluation is a positive step in the process of assessment. I like the scheme for several reasons. It helps in bringing out the inner potential of every student besides excellence in academic learning, minimizes stress caused by fear of Board examinations, decreases workload as the syllabus of one term is not repeated in the next term and aids in developing life skills to face situations in future.
The scheme turns out to be a disadvantage to some meritorious students since there is no scope for competition as marks are replaced by grades. Some students may not have a liking as they are constantly being watched of their actions. They do not feel at ease and remain tensed as grades are given for their attitude towards teachers, school-mates, school and environment.

It is possible that CCE may have to cope with some so far unseen challenges in future. It would all depend upon the acceptance of the scheme by the students, parents and teachers. Success would lie entirely upon the contentment of the stakeholders and only then it would stand the test of time.
Above all, feedback by students passing out with flying colours, reactions of the parents whose children achieved the desired goals and success of the teachers in imparting education would define the ground of necessity of the evaluation scheme in the schools in the near future.

 
[Published in 'Articles Base' on 7 May 2013]

THE DISCOVERY OF OIL


Digboi is situated in the north-eastern region of India and is famous for the discovery of oil during the nineteenth century. It is a small town located in Tinsukia district of Assam and still retains the ambience of the British. The place attracts visitors for its scenic beauty, spacious bungalows, oldest refinery, National Oil Park, War Cemetery, Digboi Club and the eighteen holes Golf Course.
According to records, a group of engineers from Assam Railways and Trading Company were extending the railway track from Dibrugarh to Ledo in 1882. As there was no habitation around and the area was covered by dense jungles, elephants were used for doing the work. Accidently, they noticed that black mud smelling like oil stuck to their feet and the legs of elephants. The startled men started to explore by tracing the trail of footprints left behind and they discovered oil oozing on the surface.

 It is said that the name of the place became ‘Digboi’ from the words “dig-boy-dig” which the Englishmen used when the labourers were engaged in the task of digging crude oil. In September 1889, the first oil well, locally known as ‘Well No. 1’ was dug and in 1899, Assam Oil Company was formed. In the year 1901, the first refinery in Asia was set up at Digboi. The oil field produced around seven thousand barrels per day during the period of Second World War.
At present, Digboi is the Headquarter of Assam Oil Division of Indian Oil Corporation Limited. The oil town stands with pride with two features that are unique. First, for having more than a century old oil producing oilfield and second, for having the oldest operating oil refinery. The oilfield now houses an oil museum that displays the history of the town.

 
[Published in the e-magazine ‘Fried Eye’ on 15 April 2012]

OJAPALI - A PERFORMING ART FORM OF ASSAM


Assamese culture embraces various performing arts and Ojapali is one among them. This is a traditional art form and is considered to be one of the oldest. Though perceived in the districts of Kamrup, Nalbari etc. in Lower Assam, it is but most popular in the district of Darrang. Ojapali showcases a combined performance of narrative singing, dancing gestures and dramatic dialogues.
Generally performed by a group of five men, the name Ojapali comes from the words oja and pali. The lead artiste is known as Oja and he is accompanied by assistant artistes known as Palis. The chief among the Palis is the Daina-pali or the right-hand aide, who makes the theme further interesting by his humorous dialogues. A small pair of cymbals called the Khutitaal is the sole instrument used during the performance.

The performers of Ojapali render two types of songs called malanci geet and jagar. The songs are sung in Sanskrit. They also sing Patsha Geet, a type of mixed song, which was composed during the Muslim reign. Besides singing, Oja, the chief performer, maintains the rhythm with his feet. Simultaneously, he explains the theme with suitable body movements and facial expressions. The costume worn by the performers are white gowns with long sleeves. They also wear various jewelry and nupur on their feet.
Ojapali can be categorized into two major forms - Byah Ojapali and Sukananni Ojapali, based on their style of performance. Byah Ojapali performers are also known as Vyah-gowa or singers of Vyasa’s works, as they primarily focus on the great epics. On the other hand, Sukananni Ojapali performers are known as Maroi-gowa or singers of Maroi Puja. These performers sing songs of the snake-goddess Manasa Devi, composed by Sukavi Narayana Dev, an ancient Assamese poet.

Ramayana and Mahabharata are the dominant subjects of Byah Ojapali. The stories are sung in pure classical style based on various ragas, with dancing movements made by hands and fingers known as mudras. To entertain the crowd and make them understand, amusing dialogues with explanations are presented during the performance.
The heart-rending tale of Behula and Lakhindar from the Padma Purana is presented by the performers of Sukananni Ojapali. This art form is usually performed during Manasa Puja, to worship the Deity of serpents. The entertainers start their performance by singing songs in praise of several Gods and Goddesses before going on to the story divided into three parts namely, Deva Khanda, Baniya Khanda and Bhatiyali Khanda.

Another form of Ojapali known as Ramayani Ojapali is gradually declining. In this art form, stories from the Ramayana are presented. According to records in history, Barbyahu and Sarubyahu, two talented artistes of the Koch kingdom, were summoned by the kings time and again to sing numerous mythological verses and subsequently, their style of performance became prevalent among the masses. However, some other reports relate Ojapali to the pre-Vaishnavite period.

 
[Published in ‘North-East India’ on 16 March 2012]